clubbing

1-causes of clubbing:
1*cardiac:
cyanotic congenital heart disease*
*infective endocarditis

2*respiratory:
*lung carcinoma" not small cell ca"
*chronic pulmonary suppuration:
(bronchiolitis-lung abcses-empyma)
*idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
cystic fibrosis*
*asbestosis
*pleural mesothelioma
3* GIT:
*cirrhosis
*inflammatory bowel disease
*coelic disease
4*endocrinology
*familial or idiopathic thyrotoxicosis
*secondary hyperparathyroidism
5*neurological:
neurological diaphragmatic tumors

6*if unilateral…….>aneurysms:
*axillery artery aneurysms
*bronchial arteriovenous aneurysms
7* pregnancy